Men who have been treated for prostate cancer, either with surgery or radiation, could benefit from taking aspirin regularly, says a new study that includes a researcher at UT Southwestern Medical Center.
Taking aspirin is associated with a lower risk of death from prostate cancer, especially in men with high risk disease, according to a multicenter study published in today’s issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
Dr. Kevin Choe, assistant professor of radiation oncology at UT Southwestern, is first author of the paper.
Preclinical studies have shown that aspirin and other anticoagulation medications may inhibit cancer growth and metastasis, but clinical data have been limited previously.
The study looked at almost 6,000 men in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) database who had prostate cancer treated with surgery or radiotherapy.
About 2,200 of the men involved – 37 percent – were receiving anticoagulants (warfarin, clopidogrel, enoxaparin, and/or aspirin). The risk of death from prostate cancer was compared between those taking anticoagulants and those who were not.
The findings demonstrated that 10-year mortality from prostate cancer was significantly lower in the group taking anticoagulants, compared to the non-anticoagulant group – 3 percent versus 8 percent, respectively.
The risks of cancer recurrence and bone metastasis also were significantly lower. Further analysis suggested that this benefit was primarily derived from taking aspirin, as opposed to other types of anticoagulants.
The suggestion that aspirin, a frequently prescribed and relatively well-tolerated medication, may improve outcomes in prostate cancer is of particular interest, Dr. Choe said, since prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer among men and the second-leading cancer killer in the U.S.
“The results from this study suggest that aspirin prevents the growth of tumor cells in prostate cancer, especially in high-risk prostate cancer, for which we do not have a very good treatment currently,” Dr. Choe said. “But we need to better understand the optimal use of aspirin before routinely recommending it to all prostate cancer patients.”
Other scientists involved with the study include Janet Cowan, Drs. June Chan, and Peter Carroll of the University of California, San Francisco; Dr. Anthony D’Amico of Harvard University; and senior author Dr. Stanley Liauw of the University of Chicago.
One subtype of breast cancer shares many genetic features with high-grade serous ovarian cancer, a cancer that is very difficult to treat, according to researchers supported by the National Institutes of Health.
The findings suggest that the two cancers are of similar molecular origin, which may facilitate the comparison of therapeutic data for subtypes of breast and ovarian cancers.
The researchers, using data generated as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), described new insights into the four standard molecular subtypes based on a comprehensive characterization of samples from 825 breast cancer patients.
The study, a collaborative effort funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), both part of NIH, was published online Sept. 23, 2012, and in print Oct. 4, 2012, in the journal Nature.
“TCGA’s comprehensive characterization of their high-quality samples allows researchers an unprecedented look at these breast cancer subgroups,” said NIH Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.
Analyses of genomic data have confirmed that there are four primary subtypes of breast cancer, each with its own biology and survival outlooks. These TCGA findings are based on a large number of breast cancer specimens that capture a complete view of the genomic alterations. The four groups are called intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer: HER2-enriched (HER2E), Luminal A (LumA), Luminal B (LumB) and Basal-like. A fifth type, called Normal-like, was observed, but because of small numbers (only eight specimens) the researchers were unable to rigorously study it.
The TCGA Research Network uncovered marked genomic similarities between the Basal-like subtype and serous ovarian cancer. The mutation spectrum, or types and frequencies of genomic mutations, were largely the same in both cancer types. Further analyses identified several additional common genomic features, such as gene mutation frequency, suggesting that diverse genomic aberrations can converge into a limited number of cancer subtypes.
Computational analyses show that Basal-like breast cancer and serous ovarian cancer might both be susceptible to agents that inhibit blood vessel growth, cutting off the blood supply to the tumor, as well as to compounds that target DNA repair, which include chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin.
The Basal-like subgroup has also been called Triple Negative Breast Cancer because many, though not all, Basal-like tumors are negative when tested for three receptors: the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). These receptors can trigger potent cell growth responses and act like a nametag, identifying the cell to the environment. The absence of these receptors means that treatments that target them will most likely be ineffective.
“The molecular similarity of one of the principal subtypes of breast cancer to that found in ovarian cancer gives us additional leverage to compare treatments and outcomes across these two cancers,” noted Harold Varmus, M.D., NCI director. “This treasure trove of genetic information will need to be examined in great detail to identify how we can use it functionally and clinically.”
According to the World Health Organization, there are approximately 1.3 million new cases of breast cancer and 450,000 deaths worldwide annually. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. The majority of cases are sporadic, meaning there is not a family history of breast cancer, as opposed to genetic, where genes predispose a person to the disease. Men can also develop breast cancer, but it accounts for less than 1 percent of breast cancer cases.
Breast cancer tumors that have the HER2 receptor are called HER2-positive, and those that don’t are called HER2-negative. When researchers analyzed the genomic findings from tumors determined to be HER2-positive by standard cellular tests, they found that only half of the samples could be characterized as belonging to the HER2E subtype. The other half were characterized as Luminal subtypes, suggesting that there are at least two types of clinically defined HER2-positive tumors.
In general, the Luminal subtypes had the lowest overall mutation rate, but by contrast, had the largest number of genes observed to be significantly mutated. This suggests that each of the genes identified as significantly mutated in the Luminal subtypes is more likely to be important in fueling cancer progression.
The Luminal subtypes are characterized by the specific expression signature of multiple so-called transcription-factor genes, including ESR1, GATA3, FOXA1, XBP1 and cMYB. These genes have a complex interaction, cooperating in an orchestrated series of activations. GATA3 and FOXA1 are frequently mutated, but those mutations are mutually exclusive, meaning that mutations were observed in eitherGATA3 or FOXA1 but never in both. However, ERS1 and XBP1 are highly expressed but infrequently mutated.
The scale of the TCGA program allows researchers to perform the integrative analyses that detect these complex patterns of genomic changes and interactions. This close inspection of the cancer genome has led to a deeper understanding of the mutations essential for cancer progression, and several new candidates were identified in this study. The authors hope that discovery of these mutations will be a crucial step toward improving breast cancer therapies.
This publication focuses on the discoveries made through a combined analysis involving data from 825 breast cancer cases, which are freely available in the TCGA Data Portal, with several hundred more cases to come.
“The data generated by the TCGA program comprise a vast resource that investigators will be analyzing for years to come. The resource of information about breast cancer genomes will undoubtedly fuel myriad discoveries by the cancer research community,” said Eric D. Green, M.D., Ph.D., NHGRI director.
So far, The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network has published analyses on these cancers: glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma.
NORTH COAST, Calif. – Every year, Mendocino Community Health Clinic (MCHC) brings HealthCorps to the area to reach out to vulnerable populations and improve health in the community.
This year Lucy Shapiro and Jessica Ohland have joined the MCHC team.
HealthCorps is a national program similar to the international program, Peace Corps. HealthCorps members devote 1,700 hours over the course of about ten months at a pay rate that makes some of them feel they are volunteering most of the time.
The HealthCorps mission is to implement innovative in-school models that inspire students to make healthier choices for themselves and their families.
As such, a big focus of the MCHC program is a school-based dental outreach program called SMILES.
The SMILES team is made up of HealthCorps members and licensed MCHC dental employees who go to local classrooms in Lake and Mendocino counties to educate students about the importance of dental hygiene. The age-appropriate education focuses on the importance of brushing and the effect of sugar on teeth.
In spring, HealthCorps members will shift their attention from the SMILES program to the patient-centered health home (PCHH) initiative.
MCHC is working toward national recognition as a pioneering clinic in this new approach that encourages patients to play a more central role decisions about their health care.
The PCHH works with patients to create care plans to address both acute and chronic problems. It is a proactive model that helps assure that patients get the education and screenings they need to treat health issues before they reach a crisis point.
This year’s HealthCorps members have different backgrounds, but a similar dedication to community health. Shapiro is returning for her second year of HealthCorps this year.
Originally from the Washington, DC suburb of Alexandria, Virginia, Shapiro fell in love with Mendocino County. “I had never been in a place where people recognize you and you can really make a difference. I feel like I can be part of important changes here,” she said.
Shapiro attended college in Colorado, but before finishing felt she needed a little real-world experience to guide decisions about her future. HealthCorps provided just that. “I want to do something with nutrition and education, but I’m not sure exactly what,” she said. She’ll be applying to colleges to begin again next fall, and plans to attend graduate school after that.
Ohland is homegrown, more or less. Although she was born in South Africa, she has lived in Mendocino County for the past 10 years. She recently graduated from Sonoma State with a bachelor’s degree in cellular and molecular biology after first attending Mendocino College.
Her husband works at the Savings Bank of Mendocino County in Ukiah, so when she finished school, she applied for a position at MCHC. When the MCHC interviewer saw Ohland’s impressive resume, she recommended Ohland apply for the HealthCorps position and the rest is history.
Because she says she “doesn’t want to spend the rest of her life on the [laboratory] bench,” Ohland plans to attend graduate school to pursue a master’s degree public health after her HealthCorps term.
Continuing its commitment to increasing the numbers of primary care physicians in California, the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) awarded more than $2.89 million to 29 family practice residency training programs.
The awards are administered through OSHPD’s Song-Brown Program.
“Educating and training these new medical professionals improves quality and access for all Californians as we continue to promote a diverse and competent health care workforce,” said OSHPD Director Robert P. David.
Family practice programs receiving awards:
Natividad Medical Center $206,460
UCSF – San Francisco General Hospital $206,460
University of California, Davis $206,460
USC – California Hospital $206,460
White Memorial Medical Center $206,460
San Joaquin General Hospital $154,845
UCSD Combined Family Medicine-Psychiatry $154,845
Hanford Family Medicine $103,230
Harbor – UCLA Medical Center $103,230
Kaiser – Orange $103,230
Kaweah Delta Health Care District $103,230
Mercy Medical Center, Merced $103,230
Riverside County Regional Medical Center $103,230
UCSF – Fresno $103,230
Valley Family Medicine Residency of Modesto $103,230
Contra Costa County Health Services $51,615
Glendale Adventist Medical Center $51,615
Kaiser Permanente – San Diego $51,615
Loma Linda University $51,615
Long Beach Memorial Medical Center $51,615
Mercy Medical Center, Redding $51,615
Northridge Hospital $51,615
Pomona Valley Hospital $51,615
Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital $51,615
San Jose – O’Connor Hospital $51,615
Santa Rosa Family Medicine $51,615
Scripps Mercy Hospital, Chula Vista $51,615
University of California, Los Angeles $51,615
Ventura County Medical Center $51,615
The awards are funded by the California Health Data and Planning Fund, which was statutorily established to receive and expend revenues in support of health care related programs.
The funds are generated through annual fees collected from health facilities.
The Song-Brown Program was established by the Health Care Workforce Training Act to increase the number of family practice physicians, family nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and registered nurses trained in the state to provide needed primary care medical services to Californians.
For more information about the Song-Brown Program, please contact the program at 916-326-3752, or visit http://www.oshpd.ca.gov/HWDD/Song_Brown_Prog.html .