Health
Through novel experiments involving small nematode worms, scientists from Wyoming have discovered several genes that may be potential targets for drug development in the ongoing war against cancer.
Specifically, researchers hypothesize that inhibiting these genes could reverse certain key traits associated with cancer cells.
This discovery is published in the August 2012 issue of the Genetics Society of America’s journal GENETICS (www.genetics.org).
“Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide,” said David S. Fay, Ph.D., a researcher involved in the work from the Molecular Biology Department at the University of Wyoming in Laramie. “We hope that by carrying out basic genetic research on one of the most widely implicated human cancer genes, that we can contribute to the arsenal of diverse therapeutic approaches used to treat and cure many types of cancer.”
To make this discovery, Dr. Fay and his colleagues used a strain of nematode worms that carried a mutation in a gene similar to one that is inactivated in many human cancers.
This gene, called “LIN-35” in worms and “pRb” in humans, is thought to control at least several aspects of tumor progression including cancer cell growth and survival.
The researchers systematically inactivated other individual genes in the genome of the mutant LIN-35 worms.
As they deactivated various genes, scientists identified those that led to a reversal of defects caused by the loss of LIN-35, suggesting that they could be used as targets for anti-cancer therapies.
“This research is important because it offers possible new ways to shut down the genetic machinery that contributes to cancer growth and progression,” said Mark Johnston, Ph.D., editor-in-chief of the journal GENETICS. “The causes of cancer are complex and varied, so we must approach this disease from many angles. Using simple ‘model organisms,’ such as nematode worms to find new drug targets, is becoming an increasingly important and effective strategy.”
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Vaccination against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) in children 2 years of age and younger remains effective for at least 10 years, according to new research available in the August issue of Hepatology, a journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD).
The study found that any transfer of the mother’s HAV antibodies does not lower the child’s immune response to the vaccine.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.4 million cases of HAV occur worldwide each year.
HAV affects the liver and typically occurs in areas with poor sanitation where ingestion of contaminated food or water can transmit the virus.
In the U.S., HAV cases have decreased by 90 percent in the past 20 years, with roughly 20,000 new cases reported each year according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Experts attribute the decline in HAV cases in the U.S. to routine vaccination of children 12 to 18 months.
According to lead author Dr. Umid Sharapov, an epidemiologist with the CDC and his coauthors, this is the first study to examine the effectiveness of a two-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in children younger than two years of age over a 10-year period.
In addition, the researchers investigated whether maternal anti-HAV antibody transfer to their children impacts the vaccine protection against HAV.
With parental consent, researchers enrolled full-term infants who were healthy at six-months of age. Mothers were tested for total antibody to HAV.
The 197 infants and toddlers were broken into three groups to receive a two-dose hepatitis A vaccine: group one at 6 and 12 months; group two at 12 and 18 months; and group three at 15 and 21 months of age.
Within each group, children were randomized by maternal anti-HAV status. HAV antibody levels were measured at one and six months, and additional follow-up took place at three, five, seven and 10 years after the second dose of hepatitis A vaccine.
At one month following the second dose of the hepatitis A vaccine children in all groups showed signs of protection from the virus. At the 10-year followup most children retained anti-HAV protection.
In the first group, 7 percent and 11 percent of children born to mother’s without and with antibodies to the HAV virus, did not retain HAV protection from vaccination, respectively. Additionally, 4 percent of group three children born to anti-HAV negative mothers lost HAV protection.
“Our study demonstrates that seropositivity to hepatitis A persists for at least 10 years after primary vaccination with two-dose inactivated HAV vaccine when administered to children at ages 12 months and older, regardless of their mothers’ anti-HAV status,” concluded Dr. Sharapov. “These findings support current CDC/ACIP guidelines for routine administration of two doses of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine to all children in the U.S. beginning at the age of 12 months.”
The authors point out that a future booster dose may be necessary to maintain protection against HAV and they will continue followup participants into their teens to monitor benefit of the initial immunization.
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