As Election Day arrives, people’s feelings of eagerness and anxiety can intensify. It’s normal to want to know the results, but it’s also important to make sure that when the results are announced, they’re accurate.
The Conversation U.S. has covered many aspects of the election, including the mechanics of tallying and reporting the votes. Here are selections from some of those articles:
1. How long did it take to count votes in 2020?
In 2020, Election Day was Nov. 3. While some results emerged that evening and over the subsequent days, it was not until four days later, Nov. 7, that The Associated Press called the race for Joe Biden over Donald Trump.
Waiting can be unsatisfying, wrote John M. Murphy, a communications scholar at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, but it’s key to getting accurate results.
Murphy warned: “People tend to see what they want to see. … Partisans want that beautiful picture of triumph, blue or red seas cascading across screens on election night.” But, he observed, that might be a mirage – and realizing it’s a mirage means one thing: “Wait. … Wait until we know it’s real.”
Election officials count ballots at the Allegheny County elections warehouse in Pittsburgh in 2020.Jeff Swensen/Getty Images
2. Why do candidates’ leads change as the results emerge?
Every state counts votes slightly differently. Some, like Colorado, allow election workers to begin counting absentee ballots in advance of Election Day, while in other states, like Illinois, the count can’t even start until the polling places close at the end of Election Day.
In addition, various communities report their results in different ways. Some may release preliminary results every so often while the counting continues, while others may wait until counting is fully complete before announcing any results.
That’s why vote counts change over time: Partial results are updated, and additional results are added to statewide tallies. In a 2020 article, Kristin Kanthak, a political science professor at the University of Pittsburgh, went through the whole process, including the release of partial results:
Election officials take their jobs very seriously and work hard to count all the eligible votes accurately while under great pressure. They have specific rules and processes for how to handle ballots and vote-counting.
Derek Muller, an election-law scholar at the University of Notre Dame, explained those steps in detail, highlighting the focus on verifiable facts rather than people’s opinions about the process:
“Certifying an election is a rather mundane task. … It is little more than making sure all precincts have reported and the arithmetic is correct. But it is an important task, because it is the formal process that determines who won the most votes.”
Washoe County employees in Nevada open ballots as they begin processing mailed ballots in the 2024 primary election.AP Photo/Andy Barron
4. Who invented the Electoral College?
Of course, the candidate who gets the most votes doesn’t necessarily win the presidency. The official decision is made by the Electoral College.
Phillip VanFossen, a civics educator at Purdue University, explained that the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787 came up with three ideas, but couldn’t agree. Determined to find common ground, even if it was imperfect, the delegates told 11 men to come up with a solution, which was the Electoral College.
VanFossen explained that “with this compromise system, neither public ignorance nor outside influence would affect the choice of a nation’s leader. (The delegates) believed that the electors would ensure that only a qualified person became president. And they thought the Electoral College would serve as a check on a public who might be easily misled, especially by foreign governments.”
5. Why does the US still have an Electoral College?
Other nations were inspired by the U.S. Constitution, but not for long, as Westminster College political scientist Joshua Holzer explained:
“None have been satisfied with the results. And except for the U.S., all have found other ways to choose their leaders.”
Many people in the U.S. also aren’t satisfied with the Electoral College, and Holzer identifies one effort under way to replace it without amending the Constitution. But even that won’t ensure that the person who becomes president is supported by at least half of the people who cast ballots.
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Call Lake County Animal Care and Control at 707-263-0278 or visit the shelter online for information on visiting or adopting.
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Downtown Kelseyville, California, on Thursday, Oct. 31, 2024. Photo by Elizabeth Larson/Lake County News. KELSEYVILLE, Calif. — This fall, Lake County residents are being asked to consider an important question: Should the town of Kelseyville have its name changed to “Konocti” in an effort to address wrongs against the county’s Indigenous people?
The question, while seemingly a straightforward one, appears to be anything but, and has resulted in deep disagreements between neighbors and friends.
At the same time, it has raised questions about the ability of a community to choose its own name and identity, and those questions have intensified after the Board of Supervisors in July decided to approve an advisory measure to put the question to all of Lake County — not just the residents of Kelseyville.
On Oct. 18, 2023, a proposal was submitted to the United States Board of Geographic Names, often referred to as the BGN, to change the name of Kelseyville to Konocti.
The name change application to BGN was made by Lorna Sue Sides on behalf of a local activist group calling itself Citizens for Healing.
The group, which has about 20 members from around Lake County, does not have formal standing as a registered nonprofit, according to a search of the California Attorney General’s Office online records.
Though the name change had been informally discussed for years, this was the first time it entered an official procedure with the BGN, the federal agency formed in 1890 for the purposes of maintaining uniform geographic name usage throughout the federal government.
Today, the BGN says on its website that it “serves the Federal Government and the public as a central authority to which name problems, name inquiries, name changes, and new name proposals can be directed.”
There has been increased focus in recent years on names that are problematic, derogatory or racist, with the BGN leading the effort to remove the word “squaw” from federal geographic features. In September 2022, the BGN voted on the final replacement names for nearly 650 geographic features featuring the “sq” word, including three in remote parts of Lake County.
Enter the Kelseyville name change, which was submitted to the BGN because it’s not an incorporated community.
For the past year, whether Kelseyville should change its name tied to the painful local history has escalated into one of the county’s most polarizing debates among residents and local leadership, sparking arguments among friends and neighbors and a growing sense of discontent.
Throughout this time, major stakeholders have been questioned over the process at nearly every stage.
On Jan. 23, the BGN published its Quarterly Review List, which included the Kelseyville case.
About a month later, the Lake County Board of Supervisors received a letter from the BGN requesting the board’s opinion on the name change.
District 2 Supervisor Bruno Sabatier said he received the letter on Feb. 26, but it did not include a deadline or any details on how to proceed.
On July 30, the Board of Supervisors held a special meeting, where they passed a motion on a 3-2 vote to put the Kelseyville name change on the ballot for county-wide vote as an advisory measure, now known as Measure U.
The two dissenters were Sabatier and District 4 Supervisor Michael Green, who voted against the ballot measure because they believed the board needed to submit a recommendation directly to the BGN.
At that meeting, District 1 Supervisor Moke Simon, who also is chair of Middletown Rancheria and one of two tribal members on the board, supported the vote being countywide.
“I want the opportunity for the Indigenous people that have been here forever to see where we stand in this county. Every vote that we’ve taken, I think I know the outcome already. But I want it on the record. I want it on the record,” said Simon.
“I’ve walked through these halls,” he continued. “I’ve heard how racist this community is and I’ve seen and tried to work together and bring it together. I want to see if we’ve learned anything in the past 400 years here in this country, in this county, how we move forward. I want it on the record.”
The supervisors’ meeting and decision came a week after the county’s recommended deadline to file the measure and just 10 days before the official final deadline.
In the five months between February, when the BGN reached out to the Board of Supervisors, and July, when the special meeting on what would become Measure U was held, "The Board of Supervisors as a whole did nothing,” Sabatier told Lake County News in a phone interview.
“That was the only time that the board as a whole ever had a conversation or took any action related to the BGN request,” Sabatier said of the July meeting.
Why, then, didn’t the Board of Supervisors come together sooner to discuss and act on it?
Sabatier declined to comment on why. “It's not in my district, and it's not for me to bring to the board,” he said.
The plan to rename the community
Citizens for Healing is advocating for renaming the unincorporated community “Konocti” in order to stop honoring the memory of Andrew Kelsey, who along with Charles Stone brutalized natives during a two-year period.
The men, believed to have been close to age 30, were said to have enslaved, raped and killed tribal members, which prompted the tribes to kill them in 1849.
Before arriving in Lake County, historians believe Kelsey was involved, along with his brothers, in leading emigrants west, with the family having involvement in the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt. His sister-in-law, Nancy Kelsey, helped make the Bear Flag Revolt flag.
In “The Donner Party Chronicles,” historian Frank Mullen said that Stone was part of a rescue relief group for the Donner Party in 1847. Stone and another man, Charles Cady, made a deal with Tamsen Donner — believed to have been the last of the party to die after she refused to leave her dying husband, George Donner — to rescue her three young daughters.
Mullen’s account says that Stone and Cady, instead of rescuing the children, left them at a camp at Truckee Lake, later known as Donner Lake, and then “escaped” — heading to California.
Later in 1847, Kelsey and Stone came to Lake County and acquired Salvador Vallejo's livestock, living in an adobe that historians say they forced local tribal members to build. That house, the first adobe home in Lake County, was located where a historical monument now stands at Main Street and Bell Hill Road in Kelseyville.
The remains of the men also are buried under that monument. Before they were placed there, a group of local boys had “inadvertently” dug up the graves of the two men, according to a 2015 history talk by lifelong Kelseyville resident Floraine Chalk.
Lorna Sue Sides, a Kelseyville resident who also is executive director of the town’s small senior center, submitted the proposal on behalf of Citizens for Healing.
She said her commitment to the cause resulted from seeing Kelseyville school buses go by her house, and thinking about the children who have to get on those buses and hear the name “Kelsey.”
“And they have to get on the school bus, and then they get to the school, and then they have to walk into the school. I have to say the name all the time. I have to hear the name all the time. I have to write the name and read the name, and it's everywhere. I think it needs to disappear. It's an insult,” Sides said.
“And I wouldn't want to hear Jeffrey Dahmer's name every day,” she added, “I wouldn't want to hear Adolf Hitler's. I don't want to hear, you know, Charles Manson's name every day. Would you like to hear Charles Manson's name every day? Would you like to have to write it?”
“This name serves as a painful reminder of a time when our ancestors faced unimaginable hardships,” said the argument in favor of Measure U on the voters’ pamphlet that invokes this history and bears the sole signature of the Flaman McCloud, chairman of Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians.
McCloud told Lake County News that the document was co-authored and agreed upon by six of Lake County’s seven tribes.
For opponents of the name change effort, it hearkens back to 2006, the year a movement succeeded in changing the Kelseyville High School mascot from the “Indians” to the “Knights” and the Mountain Vista School also changed its mascot to the “Knights” from the “Braves.”
Community members who were against the mascot change said they were told it would address the claims of racism against the community. There also was opposition because the Knights was the only option offered when an effort to put forward an alternative, the “Cowboys,” hadn’t been considered.
The single choice of “Konocti” being the only alternative offered in the current name change issue has resulted in opponents drawing similarities to what they believe were the shortcomings in how the mascot change was handled.
It’s also led to another question: What next?
“No on Measure U” signs in downtown Kelseyville, California, on Thursday, Oct. 31, 2024. Photo by Elizabeth Larson/Lake County News. Government inaction and lack of clarity
The Kelseyville area falls under District 5 Supervisor Jessica Pyska’s constituency who told Lake County News that she spent months reaching out to state and federal agencies to clarify the process while meeting with constituents from all sides.
During that five months of inaction by the board, Pyska also was in the midst of a contested reelection bid, and her critics have pointed to that election — and her desire to be reelected — as a reason for a broader community name change discussion being put on the back burner.
In her pursuit of a second term as supervisor, she was challenged by businessman Boone Bridges, who made the name change an issue. Despite the name change controversy, Pyska was reelected on March 5 with 56.96% of the vote, compared to 43.04% received by Bridges.
Asked about the implication that the delay in bringing the issue to the board might relate to her reelection campaign, Pyska maintained the two things were not connected. “We received the letter from the BGN on Feb 24th, I was re-elected on March 5th,” she said in an email response.
Like Sabatier, Pyska found little information and guidelines about the name change process in the BGN’s February request for recommendation.
“We were just very, very unclear on what the process is — what does implementation look like? Should there be a change? And what resources are available to assist?” Pyska said, adding that she sat through calls and Zoom meetings with the BGN and California Advisory Committee on Geographic Names, or CACGN.
Yet, “every time we had a conversation, it felt like we had more questions than answers afterwards,” said Pyska. She felt that the two committees were “under-resourced” and their staff were “also frustrated.”
“No matter where you are on the spectrum,” Pyska said, “it’s just really, really hard.”
She attributed the difficulty to the BGN and CACGN: “These government agencies are making it harder.”
Ultimately, efforts to clarify the name change process resulted in the supervisors’ vote for the county-wide advisory vote on Measure U at the end of July.
In response to that action, Lake County News asked BGN if, in other name change considerations elsewhere in the country, have such ballot measures been used to advise BGN, and has it impacted BGN's decisions?
In response, U.S. Geological Survey public affairs specialist Gina Anderson wrote in an email that the BGN receives very few community name change proposals and is unaware of any ballot measures used to inform the BGN.
“Having said that, the BGN seeks input from the local government on every new proposal, and it is up to the Town/City/County Board as to how they develop their recommendation,” Anderson wrote.
The document is found to be contradictory on how the BGN takes public input.
While the BGN’s Quarterly Review List states that any interested party or individual may submit their position regarding the name change in writing, the FAQ document, however, explicitly states that “the BGN has no process for formally inviting the public to comment” and it “does not have the resources to handle large volumes of emails directly from individuals.”
Lake County News reached out to the BGN for clarification on Oct. 7.
Over two weeks later, on Oct. 23, the BGN replied, stating they “rely on local governments to synthesize and address public opinions,” adding that “a tally of emails and a brief summary of comments” would be considered.
This response, again, contradicted both its statements in the FAQ document. A clear process of the BGN’s intake of public opinion, up to this point, seems to be unattainable.
For Pyska, who said she had “worked earnestly” for months on getting this document available to the public, “what they say the county is responsible for wasn't clear.”
But that was “the most substantial response we ever got,” she said.
Pyska attributed the delay in bringing the matter to the Board of Supervisors to the slow and unclear communication with the two state and federal agencies, according to her email response to Lake County News’ follow-up questions.
For her, the lack of timely response and clear information from the BGN and CACGN has also played a part in the escalation of the local controversy over the matter.
“Because there’s no place for the public to truly understand what the process looks like,” Pyska explained.
The BGN didn’t respond to Lake County News’ email and phone inquiries on Thursday for a comment in response to Pyska’s statement.
For Alan Fletcher, a spokesperson of Citizens for Healing, the county could have done much more in the months after the application was submitted — such as hosting formal meetings for both sides to have conversations and debates, having a historian to verify the historical details and seeking a clear response from the postal office and the DMV on how a name change might impact the everyday life of local residents.
“They absolutely did nothing; absolutely not enough,” Fletcher said of the Board of Supervisors.
Now Measure U is up for a county-wide advisory vote. A "yes” vote supports the Board of Supervisors recommending approval of the town name from Kelseyville to Konocti whereas a “no” vote opposes it.
Pyska told Lake County News that she’s committed to staying neutral no matter what the vote result looks like, even if it’s a 90 to 10 vote.
“I settled that with myself a long time ago. I need to serve my whole community,” Pyska said.
But has being neutral and taking no side actually served the whole community or nobody?
“Pushing for the people to be a part of this, pushing for the people to be informed about the process,” Pyska responded, referring to putting the matter on the ballot and getting the FAQ document from the BGN. “That's what you can do when you're neutral.”
In fact, some do not think it should be put before the voters.
“We’re elected to make difficult decisions and I didn’t feel that our community should be the ones to fight over this decision,” said Supervisor Sabatier in a phone interview.
His opinion on the matter is the same as it was in July, when he was one of the two supervisors who voted against having a ballot measure.
“If people are going to be upset, I'd rather they be upset at the Board of Supervisors than be upset with each other and divide our community over it,” Sabatier added.
During the time when the county leadership did not act collectively and the federal and state agencies lacked clear guidelines, interactions among various local agencies and groups intensified the conflict.
Tribal engagement came late
Since stepping into office as Big Valley’s tribal chair in January, McCloud’s stance toward the name change has changed considerably.
At first, McCloud said he was rather indifferent.
“I wasn’t bothered either way,” he said of the name change, adding that his priority was the development of the tribe and the people.
“This wasn’t even on our radar,” said McCloud in an interview at the tribal office of Big Valley Rancheria. “It’s not like something that was do-or-die for us.”
But soon he started to find things were “bothering” him.
When he first heard about the proposal submitted to the BGN by Citizens for Healing, “I thought some of them would have been native, but then when I found out that it’s all nonnative people, then I was upset,” McCloud said. “And it still bothers me to this day.”
Did the group get the approval from the tribes before submitting the proposal?
“I would say no,” McCloud responded. “Because when I had met with the other tribal chairmen, they had not met with any of these people.”
“Some of them didn’t want to because they [Citizens for Healing] submitted the proposal for the name change and they weren’t even Native American,” he added.
For McCloud, the tribal people are the ones who would be experiencing most pushback. “It's not going to affect you guys,” said McCloud, referring to Citizens for Healing. “The ones that are going to have to feel it are our kids that are going to school and our people that live in Kelseyville.”
McCloud said he was asked to meet with Rachel White, who chairs the Save Kelseyville group that rallies against the name change, before he even met with people from Citizens for Healing, though his meeting with White took place as late as in June.
“That was kind of an issue for me,” McCloud said, adding that he had communicated the disappointment to Citizens for Healing when they finally met.
Fletcher of Citizens for Healing said that they did the tribal engagement mainly through three tribal elders including Ronald Montez, the tribal historic preservation officer for the Big Valley tribe.
In his explanation of why Citizens for Healing didn’t reach out to McCloud sooner, Fletcher said McCloud took office “only recently” and that, by that point, the name change effort was already underway.
Fletcher added, “I did not, in fact, even know that Big Valley has a new chairman, honestly.”
Was Citizens for Healing very confident that all the tribes were aware and approving of this proposal before they submitted it?
“That was my understanding; yes,” said Sides, responding to Lake County News’ questions in a phone interview late last week, after multiple text messages, emails and phone calls to reach her for about two weeks.
Sides said tribal historic preservation officers discussed the proposed name change at their meetings, and all approved the use of the name Konocti.
But she also said she had not discussed the name change issue with any of the tribal chairmen.
The first in-person meeting between her and McCloud took place on July 27, three days before the Board of Supervisors’ meeting, Sides said.
For Sides, it’s the opposition, Save Kelseyville, that created the division. “Why didn't they say this was a beautiful gift?” Sides said.
A changed mind
Even with the discontent on the lack of engagement with him, McCloud said his will to support and lead the name change has built up over the past months.
Both meetings were long and contentious, with a large number of tribal members and local community members coming up to speak during public comment.
McCloud was frustrated during those meetings “just by the feeling that I got there and that like even our children weren't even being seen or heard.”
He said just by hearing the elders, students and other members of the tribe speaking up at the meetings about their thoughts and experience of trauma, he has developed “a drive” to go for the name change which is a way of “being seen.”
Rachel White of the Save Kelseyville group recalled the first and only meeting she had with McCloud on June 5, about two weeks after she was fired by Tribal Health where she had worked as a nurse practitioner.
Her 30-day termination notice given in a generic letter without specifying a reason for the termination, she believes, was the result of her activism on the name change matter. “I know enough people, it's a small town, and you learn the truth, and the truth is that it was because of my involvement in the name change.”
The meeting between McCloud and White, like the larger name change issue, has led to two very different perspectives of what occurred.
“When I talked to him, he was against the name change. He told it to my face, with a witness present, and he said that he believes that changing the name would only make racial tension worse,” White told Lake County News in a sitdown interview at Studebakers coffee house in downtown Kelseyville.
“I don’t know who he talked to after that. I don’t know if it was pressure from his tribe,” White said, trying to figure out why McCloud’s stance changed.
While both agreed — in their respective interviews with the Lake County News — that the meeting was a friendly and respectful one, McCloud denied that he had ever told White he’s against the name change.
“I didn’t say that. I said I'm not worried about that; I’m more focused on the other direction my tribe is going,” McCloud said, adding that someone had heard what White had said and brought it up to him.
“When I heard that, I was like, you’re not going to do that,” he said. “And all the stuff I was seeing, how our people were getting treated — that’s what changed it for me, right? I was like, I’m just going all in.”
McCloud decided that the tribes were going to lead the cause and submit the argument in favor of Measure U.
By that time, Citizens for Healing had already drafted their argument but was asked to step back, Fletcher said.
White’s name appears as the first signature on the argument against Measure U on the voters’ pamphlet, which invokes substantial economic and administrative costs on businesses for the name change, and questions if Kelseyville was named to “honor any specific individual.”
It also criticizes the process. “The application to rename Kelseyville was submitted to the BGN without local input,” the document reads.
White said there were two questions: one about whether to have the name changed at all, and another about what the name changed to. For both components, “There’s been no vote; there’s been no community consensus” prior to the submission of the proposal.
For Supervisor Sabatier, the BGN process itself is “an awkward process.” It is unable to reconcile the conflict between “giving voice to a minority voice” and “to ensure that voices can be heard and decisions can be made based on all voices that represent our community,” according to Sabatier.
What happens next and the vote’s potential aftermath
Once the votes are cast on or before Election Day on Nov. 5, it will take 30 days to certify the election.
After that, “This will go back to the Board of Supervisors for a final discussion,” said Pyska, who emphasized she is committed to remain neutral regardless of the result.
It became clear at the Board of Supervisors’ special meeting in July that, whatever the result of the advisory measure, the supervisors are poised to recommend changing the town’s name to the BGN, as all supervisors other than Pyska supported the name change.
But in a recent interview, when asked how the voting result would possibly impact his decision, Sabatier found it hard to know how he would react. He said he couldn’t speak about his feelings for the future.
Sabatier also said he’s worried about the aftermath after the election, “because once it’s out there in writing, I fear that it may be difficult to look at it depending on what side of the issue you’re on.”
So far, neither CACGN or BGN have given indications publicly of when they might make decisions on the name change proposal.
For McCloud, no matter whether the name gets changed, the tribe will take the most “pushback” among all stakeholders.
If the name gets changed, “We’ll have to deal with the negativity,” which McCloud believes will be a long term sentiment.
And if the name doesn’t get changed after all, he believes the pushback toward them “won’t be as bad.”
McCloud said he would prefer to deal with the bigger pressure from the name being changed.
“If that name changes, our kids, when they go they'll be able to say — you know what, we got that name changed,” McCloud said. “We got that name changed from that person that did that to our grandmothers and our grandfathers.”
For White, there will be no winners either way.
“What exactly are we trying to win here?” she asked.
“I know both sides will not give up,” White said. “So despite this election, I feel like it's going to be an ongoing issue, unfortunately.”
Editor’s note: A previous version of this story incorrectly stated that Rachel White previously worked as a nurse at Lake County Tribal Health. She actually served as a nurse practitioner.
Email Lingzi Chen at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..
Editor/Publisher Elizabeth Larson contributed to this report. Email her at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..
Uncertainty about the election getting to you? Is anxiety the dominant feature of your emotional landscape, maybe with a small sprinkling of impending doom?
It’s difficult not to be worked up about politics in today’s polarized climate. Regardless of which side of the political aisle you sit on, you may find yourself glued to your browser or TV, gobbling up every tiny tidbit of news and feeling your stress levels skyrocket.
I’m a psychologist who develops and tests strategies for combating anxiety. As I constantly tell my stressed-out clients, when it comes to election news, there’s a fine line between being well informed and being oversaturated with information.
If you’re ready to short-circuit your stress spiral, here are three science-backed strategies for coping with anxiety in times of uncertainty.
Approach your emotions with mindfulness
Being mindful refers to the quality of awareness you bring to your experiences – specifically, nonjudgmental attention focused on what’s happening right now.
Mindfulness practices originated in Eastern spiritual traditions, including Buddhism. Over the past several decades, mindfulness has gained popularity as a powerful tool for managing anxiety. For instance, meditation apps such as Headspace and Calm incorporate it. Even if meditation isn’t your thing, though, you can still apply nonjudgmental awareness, focused on the present, to election-related anxiety.
Be present. Anxiety can draw you into an uncomfortable spiral of “what-ifs” about the future. When you make a point to be present, you remind yourself what is actually happening right now, rather than letting hypothetical fears take over.
Although you may have serious concerns about the fate of the nation, those outcomes have not yet come to bear. As I tell my patients, “We’ll cross that bridge if we come to it. For now, focus on the step right in front of you.”
If you notice yourself getting carried away by thoughts of the future, you can pull yourself back to the present by bringing awareness to simple sensations – the feel of your feet on the floor, the rhythm of your breath, or the sounds around you – and remind yourself that you are safe in the current moment.
Pay nonjudgmental attention. Many people are hard on themselves for feeling strong emotions. This critical mindset might look like telling yourself that you’re overreacting, or that it’s weak to let others see that you’re upset. You might even view that uncomfortable feeling in the pit of your stomach as evidence that negative outcomes are right around the corner.
Making judgments about your emotions only serves to make you feel worse. In fact, researchers find that pushing away emotions or beating yourself up for having them leads to more frequent and stronger anxiety.
Instead, try giving yourself a break. Tell yourself, “This election is high stakes, so it makes sense I’m anxious.” Then, notice if your anxiety is driven by a fear about the future, and bring yourself back to the present.
Cognitive flexibility is the ability to shift away from rigid, all-or-nothing thinking about the future.
When people are anxious, they tend to focus on the worst-case scenario. For example, you might be telling yourself, “With this candidate in office, things will be terrible and I won’t be able to cope.”
In this scenario, I encourage my patients to move past that initial thought of how awful it will be and instead consider exactly how they will respond to the inauguration, the next day, week, month and so on.
Cognitive flexibility allows you to explore how you will cope, even in the face of a negative outcome, helping you feel a bit less out of control. If you’re experiencing a lot of anxiety about the election, try thinking through what you’d do if the undesirable candidate takes office – thoughts like “I’ll donate to causes that are important to me” and “I’ll attend protests.”
Choose your actions with intention
Another tool for managing your anxiety is to consider whether your behaviors are affecting how you feel.
Remember, for instance, the goal of 24-hour news networks is to increase ratings. It’s in their interest to keep you riveted to your screens by making it seem like important announcements are imminent. As a result, it may feel difficult to disconnect and take part in your usual self-care behavior.
Try telling yourself, “If something happens, someone will text me,” and go for a walk or, better yet, to bed. Keeping up with healthy habits can help reduce your vulnerability to uncontrolled anxiety.
It’s not on your shoulders to solve every single problem in the world.AP Photo/John Hanna
Post-Election Day, you may continue to feel drawn to the news and motivated to show up – whether that means donating, volunteering or protesting – for a variety of causes you think will be affected by the election results. Many people describe feeling guilty if they say no or disengage, leading them to overcommit and wind up overwhelmed.
If this sounds like you, try reminding yourself that taking a break from politics to cook, engage with your family or friends, get some work done or go to the gym does not mean you don’t care. In fact, keeping up with the activities that fuel you will give you the energy to contribute to important causes more meaningfully.
LAKE COUNTY, Calif. — Lake County Animal Care and Control has more new dogs waiting for homes this week.
The dogs available for adoption this week include mixes of Anatolian shepherd, Australian shepherd, border collie, boxer, brussels griffon, cane corso, cattle dog, Dogo Argentino, German shepherd, husky, Labrador Retriever, pit bull terrier, spaniel and terrier.
Dogs that are adopted from Lake County Animal Care and Control are either neutered or spayed, microchipped and, if old enough, given a rabies shot and county license before being released to their new owner. License fees do not apply to residents of the cities of Lakeport or Clearlake.
Those dogs and the others shown on this page at the Lake County Animal Care and Control shelter have been cleared for adoption.
Call Lake County Animal Care and Control at 707-263-0278 or visit the shelter online for information on visiting or adopting.
The shelter is located at 4949 Helbush in Lakeport.
Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.
Assistant State Fire Marshal Vickie Sakamoto. Photo courtesy of Cal Fire. The Cal Fire Office of the State Fire Marshal announced that Gov. Gavin Newsom has appointed Vickie Sakamoto as the new assistant state fire marshal.
Chief Sakamoto brings nearly 38 years of dedicated service to the fire protection and public safety sectors.
Prior to her appointment as assistant state fire marshal, Chief Sakamoto served as an assistant deputy director.
In her new role Chief Sakamoto will oversee the following OSFM divisions: Code Development and Analysis, Fire and Life Safety, Pipeline Safety and CUPA, as well as State Fire Training.
Her role will focus not only on supporting the teams she oversees, but in carrying out the mission, vision, and values of Cal Fire.
Chief Sakamoto will also work towards leading the Office in meeting State Fire Marshal Daniel Berlant’s four key expectations: Communication, customer service, consistency and trust.
Her fire service journey began in 1986 with the Florin Fire Protection District, where she served as a fire prevention technician.
In 1989, she commenced her state service with the OSFM as a Deputy State Fire Marshal, ultimately advancing through multiple leadership positions, including Deputy State Fire Marshal III - Specialist, Deputy State Fire Marshal III - Supervisor, and Division Chief.
She has held the role of chief for both the Fire Engineering Division and the Fire and Life Safety Division, demonstrating a longstanding commitment to safeguarding communities.
Chief Sakamoto has served as the chair of the OSFM’s Sub-Joint Apprenticeship Committee and numerous OSFM advisory committees, including those focused on automatic extinguishing systems, general fireworks, fire extinguishers, fire alarms, flame retardants and special effects.
Additionally, she chaired the OSFM’s High Rise Task Force and the Solar Photovoltaic Installation Guideline Workgroup and co-chaired the Smoke Alarm Task Force, contributing significantly to state safety standards and practices. She is currently a member of California Fire Prevention Officers, and the International Code Council.
When to look for Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars this month, a NASA spacecraft swings by Venus on its way to the Sun, and the tricky business of seeing the Moon hide a bright star. And stick around until the end for photos of highlights from last month’s skies.
Saturn is visible toward the south for most of the night. For observers in the Americas, it has a close meetup with the Moon on the 10th, when the pair will appear less than a degree apart just after dark, making for a great sight through binoculars. Check the sky again around midnight, and you'll see the Moon has visibly shifted a couple of degrees west of Saturn, showing evidence of the Moon's orbital motion in just a few hours.
Jupiter is rising in the east early in the night, together with the bright stars of the constellations Taurus and Orion, and working its way across the sky by dawn. By the end of November, it's rising just as the sky is getting dark. Mars follows behind Jupiter, rising about three hours after the giant planet.
As in October, early risers will find the Red Planet high overhead in the morning sky before dawn. In the evening sky, Venus is low in the southwest following sunset throughout the month of November. It's blazing bright and unmistakable if you find a relatively unobstructed view. It appears much higher in the sky for those in the Southern Hemisphere, who'll also be able to easily observe Mercury after sunset this month. And on the 4th, a slim crescent Moon will appear just below Venus for a beautiful pairing as the glow of sunset fades.
Now, staying with Venus, one of NASA's intrepid solar system explorers is headed for a close encounter with this Earth-sized hothouse of a planet on November 6th. Parker Solar Probe studies our planet's nearest star, the Sun. Its mission is to trace the flow of energy that heats the Sun's outer atmosphere and accelerates the million-mile-per-hour stream of particles it emits. It makes its measurements from super close to the Sun, within the region where all the action happens.
To do this, the spacecraft was designed to fly within just 4 million miles of the Sun's surface, which is 10 times closer than the orbit of the closest planet, Mercury. No other spacecraft has ever gotten this close to the Sun before.
In the six years since its launch, the spacecraft has made a bunch of approaches to the Sun, using flybys of the planet Venus to shape its orbit. The November 6th flyby is the final such maneuver, intended to send the spacecraft toward its three closest-ever solar approaches, starting on December 24th.
During this last Venus flyby, the mission will capture images of the planet. Previous views returned by Parker showed that the spacecraft could actually see features of the Venusian surface through its dense cloud cover. So look out for Venus in the evening sky, as the brilliant planet helps a craft from Earth to touch the face of the Sun.
In the couple of hours before sunrise on November 27th, skywatchers in the eastern half of the U.S. and Canada will have the chance to witness an occultation – an event where the Moon passes in front of, and temporarily hides, a bright star – in this case Spica.
Observers in other parts of the world will see the Moon pass extremely close to Spica, but won't see it cover up the star. This occultation is one of a series that began in June and will continue monthly through late next year.
These happen as the Moon's orbit slowly shifts northward and southward across the sky, and every so often, its path crosses in front of Spica monthly for a time. But each occultation is only visible from a small portion of Earth.
For example, while this November event favors North American viewers, South American observers will get their chance next April. For U.S. skywatchers, this November occultation is the last good opportunity in this series to see the Moon occult Spica until 2032, when a new series of monthly occultations will begin for locations across the globe. Now, if you miss this event, don't worry!
The Moon also passes in front of three other bright stars from time to time. This means that no matter where you're located, you'll have the opportunity before too long to witness the impressive sight of a bright star briefly disappearing behind the Moon.
Watch our video for views of what some of the highlights we told you about in last month's video actually looked like.
Stay up to date on all of NASA's missions exploring the solar system and beyond at science.nasa.gov.
Preston Dyches works for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
LAKEPORT, Calif. — The city of Lakeport reported that it has made significant progress in the ongoing 2024 water and sewer main replacement project.
The project’s goal is upgrading critical infrastructure across key locations in the city.
With work on Lakeport Boulevard nearing completion, the next phase will move to Martin Street beginning Monday, Nov. 4.
The city said the extensive project “is a crucial effort” to replace aging water and sewer lines along Lakeport Boulevard, K Street, Martin Street, Armstrong Street, Lakeshore Boulevard, and parts of Tenth and Tunis streets.
The city’s team is completing final touches on Lakeport Boulevard, where sewer mains and laterals have been fully replaced.
Crews are now focused on wrapping up water main, service and fire hydrant replacements from S. Forbes Street to Bevins Street. Final trench paving is expected by mid-November.
What residents can expect:
• Daytime work on Martin Street will commence on Nov. 4, with temporary lane closures and detours. • Street excavations will include safety trench plates. • Trench paving will occur on affected streets as each project phase concludes. • Full pavement resurfacing will be scheduled for all areas upon project completion. Project Significance: This essential project not only strengthens the city’s infrastructure but also delivers multiple benefits to the community: • Replacement of aging lines reduces potential system failures. • Improved water pressure ensures reliable service. • Reduced risk of sewer overflows helps protect the environment. • Enhanced capacity at the wastewater treatment plant supports future city growth.
The city of Lakeport said it “appreciates the community’s patience and understanding as we work to bring these infrastructure improvements to fruition.”
For updates on the project, or for additional information, contact the Lakeport Utilities Department at 707-263-5615, Extension 405.
On Friday, Gov. Gavin Newsom issued a proclamation declaring November 2024, as Native American Heritage Month.
The text of the proclamation is published below.
PROCLAMATION
Home to the largest population of Native Americans in the United States, California has long been a land of opportunity for Native Americans from across the nation and continues to be a beacon of hope for those seeking both community and a voice on a national stage.
This Native American Heritage Month, we grapple with the duality of a history of violence and oppression while Native people, despite all odds, continue to persist as shining examples of exceptionalism. In this spirit, we look back to celebrate the forebears of this place and embrace them as their full selves — successful, talented Native luminaries — in ways they may not have been at the time. We also venerate those who are blazing trails and lighting others’ torches throughout American society today.
This year, the nation learned more about the devastating legacy of federal Indian boarding schools — with twelve sited in California alone — including how many students were lost, the inhumane treatment of children, and the practice of funding those schools with the sale of tribal lands. Last month, we witnessed — for the first time in history—a United States President issue a formal apology for the atrocities committed at federal Indian boarding schools across the nation. We hope that this important acknowledgment of pain, of lost years, and of intergenerational trauma will help Native communities in processing a national campaign designed to destroy cultures, community and identity — one we know was ultimately unsuccessful.
A testament to the enduring resilience of Native people, this year we witnessed several beautiful celebrations of the truth-telling, heart-wrenching stories of the loss and dispossession of generations of Native communities. The Reservation Dogs — who finally did make it to the stunning shores of California — were nominated and awarded several times over for their unflinching depiction of the continuum all Native people walk in, honoring and embodying the ancestors while grappling with the harsh realities of our time. The Oscars — for the first time — featured Osage singers performing the award-nominated “Wahzhazhe (A Song for My People)” in Osage language, and Piegan Blackfeet and Nez Perce actor Lily Gladstone went home with a Golden Globe for Best Actress for her role in “Killers of the Flower Moon.” All of this took place within miles of where two young Osage sisters, Maria and Marjorie Tallchief, once trained to become the world’s premier ballerinas.
This fall, Native fashion designers like Luiseño/Shoshone-Bannock artist Jamie Okuma and Diné designer Orlando Dugi showcased the arts of their ancestors in new, unexpected ways at a groundbreaking Indigenous futurism fashion show at the Getty. And we’ve seen these designs make their way onto the national stage, beautifully worn by the likes of Interior Secretary Deb Haaland and Minnesota Lieutenant Governor Peggy Flanagan.
Today, as we reflect on the tenacity of Native people in the face of practices aimed at their destruction and bent on making them small and unseen, I call on all Californians to find meaningful opportunities to uplift, validate and engage with Native trailblazers—past and present — across the nation.
NOW THEREFORE I, GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of the State of California, do hereby proclaim November 2024, as “Native American Heritage Month.”
IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of California to be affixed this 1st day of November 2024.
GAVIN NEWSOM Governor of California
ATTEST: SHIRLEY N. WEBER, Ph.D. Secretary of State
LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – It’s fall and it’s time to change the clocks back.
Daylight saving time ends at 2 a.m. Sunday, Nov. 3. It began on Sunday, March 10.
The impacts of the time change on people’s circadian rhythms and health are well documented. Be sure to pay attention to the need to adjust for changed sleep patterns as the days continue to shorten.
In addition, it’s a good time to check the batteries in smoke alarms and other home safety features. Contact your local fire department for guidance.
"Yukon." Photo courtesy of Clearlake Animal Control. CLEARLAKE, Calif. — Clearlake Animal Control has more new puppies and dogs available for adoption this week.
The shelter has 51 adoptable dogs listed on its website.
This week’s dogs include “Yukon,” a 3-month-old male Doberman Pinscher mix with a black and tan coat.
The shelter is located at 6820 Old Highway 53. It’s open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday.
For more information, call the shelter at 707-762-6227, email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., visit Clearlake Animal Control on Facebook or on the city’s website.
This week’s adoptable dogs are featured below.
Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.
With one of its solar arrays deployed, NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer sits in a clean room at Lockheed Martin Space. The large silver grate attached to the spacecraft is the radiator for HVM³, one of two instruments that the mission will use to better understand the lunar water cycle. Credit: Lockheed Martin Space. There’s water on the Moon, but scientists only have a general idea of where it is and what form it is in. A trailblazing NASA mission will get some answers.
When NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer begins orbiting the Moon next year, it will help resolve an enduring mystery: Where is the Moon’s water? Scientists have seen signs suggesting it exists even where temperatures soar on the lunar surface, and there’s good reason to believe it can be found as surface ice in permanently shadowed craters, places that have not seen direct sunlight for billions of years. But, so far, there have been few definitive answers, and a full understanding of the nature of the Moon’s water cycle remains stubbornly out of reach.
This is where Lunar Trailblazer comes in. Managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and led by Caltech in Pasadena, California, the small satellite will map the Moon’s surface water in unprecedented detail to determine the water’s abundance, location, form, and how it changes over time.
“Making high-resolution measurements of the type and amount of lunar water will help us understand the lunar water cycle, and it will provide clues to other questions, like how and when did Earth get its water,” said Bethany Ehlmann, principal investigator for Lunar Trailblazer at Caltech. “But understanding the inventory of lunar water is also important if we are to establish a sustained human and robotic presence on the Moon and beyond.”
Future explorers could process lunar ice to create breathable oxygen or even fuel. And they could also conduct science. Using information from Lunar Trailblazer, future human or robotic scientific investigations could sample the ice for later study to determine where the water came from. For example, the presence of ammonia in ice samples may indicate the water came from comets; sulfur, on the other hand, could show that it was vented to the surface from the lunar interior when the Moon was young and volcanically active.
“In the future, scientists could analyze the ice in the interiors of permanently shadowed craters to learn more about the origins of water on the Moon,” said Rachel Klima, Lunar Trailblazer deputy principal investigator at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. “Like an ice core from a glacier on Earth can reveal the ancient history of our planet’s atmospheric composition, this pristine lunar ice could provide clues as to where that water came from and how and when it got there.”
Understanding whether water molecules move freely across the surface of the Moon or are locked inside rock is also scientifically important. Water molecules could move from frosty “cold traps” to other locations throughout the lunar day. Frost heated by the Sun sublimates (turning from solid ice to a gas without going through a liquid phase), allowing the molecules to move as a gas to other cold locations, where they could form new frost as the Sun moves overhead. Knowing how water moves on the Moon could also lead to new insights into the water cycles on other airless bodies, such as asteroids.
This artist’s concept depicts NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer in lunar orbit about 60 miles (100 kilometers) from the surface of the Moon. The spacecraft weighs only 440 pounds (200 kilograms) and measures 11.5 feet (3.5 meters) wide when its solar panels are fully deployed. Credit: Lockheed Martin Space.
Two instruments, one mission
Two science instruments aboard the spacecraft will help unlock these secrets: the High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM3) infrared spectrometer and the Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM) infrared multispectral imager.
Developed by JPL, HVM3 will detect and map the spectral fingerprints, or wavelengths of reflected sunlight, of minerals and the different forms of water on the lunar surface. The spectrometer can use faint reflected light from the walls of craters to see the floor of even permanently shadowed craters.
The LTM instrument, which was built by the University of Oxford and funded by the UK Space Agency, will map the minerals and thermal properties of the same lunar landscape. Together they will create a picture of the abundance, location, and form of water while also tracking how its distribution changes over time.
“The LTM instrument precisely maps the surface temperature of the Moon while the HVM3 instrument looks for the spectral signature of water molecules,” said Neil Bowles, instrument scientist for LTM at the University of Oxford. “Both instruments will allow us to understand how surface temperature affects water, improving our knowledge of the presence and distribution of these molecules on the Moon.”
Weighing only 440 pounds (200 kilograms) and measuring 11.5 feet (3.5 meters) wide when its solar panels are fully deployed, Lunar Trailblazer will orbit the Moon about 60 miles (100 kilometers) from the surface. The mission was selected by NASA’s SIMPLEx (Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration) program in 2019 and will hitch a ride on the same launch as the Intuitive Machines-2 delivery to the Moon through NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative. Lunar Trailblazer passed a critical operational readiness review in early October at Caltech after completing environmental testing in August at Lockheed Martin Space in Littleton, Colorado, where it was assembled.
The orbiter and its science instruments are now being put through flight system software tests that simulate key aspects of launch, maneuvers, and the science mission while in orbit around the Moon. At the same time, the operations team led by IPAC at Caltech is conducting tests to simulate commanding, communication with NASA’s Deep Space Network, and navigation.
More about Lunar Trailblazer
Lunar Trailblazer is managed by JPL, and its science investigation and mission operations are led by Caltech with the mission operations center at IPAC. Managed for NASA by Caltech, JPL also provides system engineering, mission assurance, the HVM3 instrument, as well as mission design and navigation. Lockheed Martin Space provides the spacecraft, integrates the flight system, and supports operations under contract with Caltech.
SIMPLEx mission investigations are managed by the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, as part of the Discovery Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington. The program conducts space science investigations in the Planetary Science Division of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters.
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