Health
PORTLAND, Ore. – Medical science has known for years that people who drink moderate amounts of alcohol actually have a reduced risk of death.
In general, they are healthier and have better cardiovascular function that those who don't drink alcohol at all.
Now, new research from Oregon Health & Science University adds a fascinating twist: moderate drinking may actually bolster our immune system and help it fight off infection.
The research, published Dec. 17 in the journal Vaccine, not only opens a new window into scientific understanding of the immune system, it also could help scientists find new ways to improve the human body's ability to respond to vaccines and infections.
The scientists did their research in rhesus macaques, which have an immune system very similar to humans.
To conduct the study, the researchers trained a group of 12 rhesus macaques to consume alcohol – a 4 percent ethanol mixture – of their own accord.
Researchers vaccinated the monkeys against smallpox as part of the study. They then separated the animals into two groups – those with access to the 4 percent ethanol and those with access to sugar water. All of the animals had regular access to pure water, and to food.
The researchers then monitored the animals' daily ethanol consumption for 14 months. And the animals were vaccinated again, seven months after the experiment began.
“Like humans, rhesus macaques showed highly variable drinking behavior,” said Ilhem Messaoudi, the lead author of the paper, a former assistant professor at the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute at OHSU and assistant scientist in the Division of Pathobiology and Immunology at the Oregon National Primate Research Center and now an associate professor of biomedical sciences at the University of California, Riverside. “Some animals drank large volumes of ethanol, while others drank in moderation.”
The monkeys' voluntary ethanol consumption segregated them into two groups. One group was made up of heavy drinkers, those that had an average blood ethanol concentration greater than 0.08 percent – the legal limit for humans to be able to drive a vehicle. The other group was made up of moderate drinkers, with an average blood ethanol concentration of 0.02 to 0.04 percent.
Prior to consuming the alcohol, all of the animals showed comparable responses to the vaccination. But after exposure to the alcohol, the two groups of monkeys responded in very different ways to the vaccination.
The heavy drinkers showed greatly diminished vaccine responses compared with the control group of monkeys who drank the sugar water.
But the more surprising finding: the moderate-drinking monkeys displayed enhanced responses to the vaccine compared to the control group. Moderate drinking bolstered their bodies' immune systems.
“It seems that some of the benefits that we know of from moderate drinking might be related in some way to our immune system being boosted by that alcohol consumption,” said Kathy Grant, Ph.D., senior author on the paper, a professor of behavioral neuroscience at OHSU and a senior scientist at the ONPRC.
The researchers stressed that excessive alcohol consumption was injurious to the monkeys' immune systems – just as excessive alcohol consumption is bad for human bodies in many ways.
“If you have a family history of alcohol abuse, or are at risk, or have been an abuser in the past, we are not recommending you go out and drink to improve your immune system,” Messaoudi said. “But for the average person who has, say, a glass of wine with dinner, it does seem in general to improve health and cardiovascular function. And now we can add the immune system to that list.”
The next steps for the researchers will be to better understand why the immune system reacts as it does to moderate alcohol.
That may lead to a pharmaceutical alternative that could provide the same benefits as the moderate alcohol consumption.
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (grant #8P51 ODO11092-53) and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism within the NIH (grant # R21AA021947).
The study was carried out under strict accordance with the recommendations outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health, the Office of Animal Welfare and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
The study also was approved by the Oregon National Primate Research Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
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According to new data released by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) on Tuesday, 2,115,557 people with Medicare in California received at least one preventive service at no cost to them during the first 11 months of 2013 because of the Affordable Care Act.
Nationwide, more than 25.4 million people covered by Original Medicare received at least one preventive service at no cost to them during the first eleven months of 2013, more than the 24.7 million who used preventive services by this time last year.
“Thanks to the Affordable Care Act, California seniors have been able to receive important preventive services and screenings such as an annual wellness visit, screening mammograms and colonoscopies, and smoking cessation at no cost to them,” said CMS Administrator Marilyn Tavenner. “Prevention and early detection are so vital to ensure that Americans are healthy and Medicare is healthy. The Affordable Care Act makes Medicare stronger and improves the wellbeing of millions of beneficiaries who have taken advantage of preventive services and wellness visits.”
Nationwide, an estimated 24.7 million people with Original Medicare received one or more preventive benefits at no out of pocket costs by this point in time during 2012.
In total, when factoring in Medicare Advantage utilization rates, an estimated 34.1 million people with Medicare took advantage if at least one preventive service in 2012.
According to Tuesday’s data, in the first 11 months of 2013, 297,956 people with Medicare in California took advantage of the Annual Wellness Visit established by the health care law.
Nationwide, more than 3.5 million beneficiaries with Original Medicare took advantage of the annual wellness visit established by the health care law – a significant increase from last year’s 2.8 million who used this service by this point in the year in 2012.
Before the Affordable Care Act, Medicare recipients had to pay part of the cost for many preventive health services. These out-of-pocket costs made it difficult for people to get the important preventive care they needed.
For example, before the Affordable Care Act, a person with Medicare could pay as much as $160 in cost-sharing for a colorectal cancer screening. Today, this important screening and many others are covered at no cost to beneficiaries (with no deductible or co-pay).
The Affordable Care Act helps tear down a significant barrier for some seniors to staying healthy and helps their care providers prevent, identify and treat problems early.
Tuesday's news comes after last month’s announcement showing that the health care law also saved seniors $8.9 billion on their prescription drugs since the law’s enactment.
To see the figures for California visit http://downloads.cms.gov/files/Preventive_Services_Utilization_by_State_Jan-Nov_2013.pdf .
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