NORTH COAST, Calif. – At a regularly scheduled monthly meeting on Wednesday, Sept. 11, the Mendocino-Lake Community College District Board of Trustees selected TeMashio Anderson to fill a vacancy on the board.

Anderson will serve as provisional trustee for Area No. 7, which covers Kelseyville and the surrounding areas in southwest Lake County.

This vacancy was a result of the recent resignation of David Geck, who served on the board for nine years.

Anderson, along with three other qualified candidates, was interviewed by the board in a public meeting format on Wednesday evening.

Following the four interviews, the board discussed the candidate’s qualifications, soliciting
input from other college constituent groups in open session and made the decision to select Anderson by a majority vote.

“I want to thank all of the applicants who put themselves forward to be considered for Trustee Area No. 7,” said Board President Robert Jason Pinoli. “Each of the four candidates where uniquely qualified and would have been of great value to the board.”

Anderson, a member of the Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians, serves as the Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians education director.

He has a history of providing oversight to educational support programs that lead K-12 students to higher education.

Anderson has been instrumental in the development of the Pomo Pathways program, which is a collaboration between the Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians and Mendocino College, and provides Native American students the support they need to successfully complete transfer level math and English in their first year of college.

He is a Mendocino College alumni and holds Bachelor of Science degrees in environmental science and applied indigenous studies from Northern Arizona University.

Anderson brings a local, regional, and international educational perspective to the board that will serve the college well as it continues its work with Guided Pathways, strong workforce, closing the achievement gap, and supporting programs that increase student equity and success.

“I am looking forward to working with Mr. Anderson in his new role as a trustee. He joins the board during a great new chapter for Mendocino College, and his insight will be invaluable. His Native American roots run deep in our community and having his perspective to help build on so many well-established programs that are already in place will be fantastic,” said Pinoli.

“I was very pleased with the quality of all four candidates and recognize what a difficult decision the board had to make. Our trustees are an accomplished, dedicated, and engaged group of people who have been involved extensively with the community and I believe Mr. Anderson will be an excellent addition,” said interim Superintendent/President Eileen Cichocki.

The Mendocino-Lake Community College District Board of Trustees is responsible for the performance of the Mendocino-Lake Community College District, which serves approximately 8,000 students at locations in Ukiah, Fort Bragg, Lakeport, Willits and online, by providing vital educational services to the various communities in the region.

LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – The National Weather Service’s Sacramento office reported that the region’s first widespread rainfall event of the season is expected to arrive on Monday, with the forecast expecting chances of rain through the middle of the week.

Forecasters reported that a weather system offshore of British Columbia that originated in the Bering Sea west of Alaska is bringing rain as well as temperatures that could drop by as much as 25 degrees to Northern California.

The long-range forecast said the cooling trend will begin on Sunday, when temperatures will be down around 5 to 10 degrees cooler than Saturday.

The Lake County forecast calls for chances of rain beginning on Sunday evening and continuing through Monday morning. Expected rainfall totals are up to a tenth of an inch.

Conditions are then forecast to clear before chances of rain return to the forecast on Wednesday. The remainder of the week is expected to be clear.

Daytime temperatures on Sunday are forecast to be in the low 80s, dropping into the low 70s on Monday before topping out in the mid 80s for the rest of the week.

Nighttime temperatures this week are forecast to range between the mid 50s and low 60s.

There also is a forecast of winds into the week, with west winds topping out around 13 miles per hour.

Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.

KELSEYVILLE, Calif. – “Matilliha Manor” has been added to the Lake County Quilt Trail.

This quilt block has been installed on the lovely Victorian porch facing Gard Street at the home of Ken Harper and Sherry Bauman at 5205 Second St. in Kelseyville.

Matilliha Manor is a Victorian home built in 1871. In the early 1900s the front bedroom
served as a dentist office while the family resided in the rest of the home.

In the late 1980s Marilyn and Myron Holdenried purchased and renovated the home, bringing it back to its former glory.

The home was used as an event center/vacation home before being purchased by current owners Ken Harper and Sherry Bauman.

They have worked hard to honor the tradition of the home with period pieces giving one the feeling of stepping back in time.

This quilt block is in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Holdenried – Marilyn Holdenried founded the Lake County Quilt Trail – bringing together two legacies they have brought to Lake County, Matilliha Manor and the quilt trail.

The Lake County Quilt Trail is an agricultural and tourism project designed to promote community pride.

The 4-foot by 4-foot quilt block was drawn and painted by the Lake County Quilt Trail team, a group of dedicated volunteer quilters, graphic artists, painters, writers and carpenters.

The quilt trail is no longer taking applications.

For more information about the Lake County Quilt Trail visit www.lakecountyquilttrail.com or the group’s Facebook page.

LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – Lake County Animal Care and Control has several dogs this week ready and waiting for their new homes.

Dogs available for adoption this week include mixes of Cane Corso mastiff, Chihuahua, Labrador Retriever, pit bull and terrier.

Dogs that are adopted from Lake County Animal Care and Control are either neutered or spayed, microchipped and, if old enough, given a rabies shot and county license before being released to their new owner. License fees do not apply to residents of the cities of Lakeport or Clearlake.

If you're looking for a new companion, visit the shelter. There are many great pets hoping you'll choose them.

The following dogs at the Lake County Animal Care and Control shelter have been cleared for adoption (additional dogs on the animal control Web site not listed are still “on hold”).

Female Chihuahua-terrier mix

This female Chihuahua-terrier mix has a short tan and white coat.

She is in kennel No. 4, ID No. 12885.

‘Nova’

“Nova” is a female Cane Corso mastiff with a short black coat.

She is in kennel No. 17, ID No. 6579.

Female Labrador Retriever

This female Labrador Retriever has a short black.

She is in kennel No. 23, ID No. 12697.

‘Misty Marie’

“Misty Marie” is a young female pit bull terrier.

She has a short black coat.

She is in kennel No. 29, ID No. 12725.

Lake County Animal Care and Control is located at 4949 Helbush in Lakeport, next to the Hill Road Correctional Facility.

Office hours are Monday through Friday, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m., and 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday. The shelter is open from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday and on Saturday from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.

Visit the shelter online at http://www.co.lake.ca.us/Government/Directory/Animal_Care_And_Control.htm.

For more information call Lake County Animal Care and Control at 707-263-0278.

Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.

Hot and dry. These are the watchwords for large fires.

While every fire needs a spark to ignite and fuel to burn, it's the hot and dry conditions in the atmosphere that determine the likelihood of a fire starting, its intensity and the speed at which it spreads.

Over the past several decades, as the world has increasingly warmed, so has its potential to burn.

Since 1880, the world has warmed by 1.9 degrees Fahrenheit, with the five warmest years on record occurring in the last five years.

Since the 1980s, the wildfire season has lengthened across a quarter of the world's vegetated surface, and in some places like California, fire has become nearly a year-round risk. The year 2018 presented California's worst wildfire season on record, on the heels of a devasting 2017 fire season.

In 2019, wildfires have already burned 2.5 million acres in Alaska in an extreme fire season driven by high temperatures, which have also led to massive fires in Siberia.

Whether started naturally or by people, fires worldwide and the resulting smoke emissions and burned areas have been observed by NASA satellites from space for two decades. Combined with data collected and analyzed by scientists and forest managers on the ground, researchers at NASA, other U.S. agencies and universities are beginning to draw into focus the interplay between fires, climate and humans.

"Our ability to track fires in a concerted way over the last 20 years with satellite data has captured large-scale trends, such as increased fire activity, consistent with a warming climate in places like the western U.S., Canada and other parts of Northern Hemisphere forests where fuels are abundant," said Doug Morton, chief of the Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "Where warming and drying climate has increased the risk of fires, we’ve seen an increase in burning."

A hotter, drier world

High temperatures and low humidity are two essential factors behind the rise in fire risk and activity, affecting fire behavior from its ignition to its spread.

Even before a fire starts they set the stage, said Jim Randerson, an Earth system scientist at the University of California, Irvine who studies fires both in the field and with satellite data.

He and his colleagues studied the abundance of lightning strikes in the 2015 Alaskan fire season that burned a record 5.1 million acres. Lightning strikes are the main natural cause of fires.

The researchers found an unusually high number of lightning strikes occurred, generated by the warmer temperatures that cause the atmosphere to create more convective systems — thunderstorms — which ultimately contributed to more burned area that year.

Hotter and drier conditions also set the stage for human-ignited fires. "In the Western U.S., people are accidentally igniting fires all the time," Randerson said. "But when we have a period of extreme weather, high temperatures, low humidity, then it’s more likely that typical outdoor activity might lead to an accidental fire that quickly gets out of control and becomes a large wildfire."

For example, in 2018 sparks flying from hammering a concrete stake into the ground in 100-degree Fahrenheit heat and sparks from a car's tire rim scraping against the asphalt after a flat tire were the causes of California's devastatingly destructive Ranch and Carr Fires, respectively.

These sparks quickly ignited the vegetation that was dried out and made extremely flammable by the same extreme heat and low humidity, which research also shows can contribute to a fire's rapid and uncontrollable spread, said Randerson. The same conditions make it more likely for agricultural fires to get out of control.

A warming world also has another consequence that may be contributing to fire conditions persisting over multiple days where they otherwise might not have in the past: higher nighttime temperatures.

"Warmer nighttime temperature allow fires to burn through the night and burn more intensely, and that allows fires to spread over multiple days where previously, cooler nighttime temperatures might have weakened or extinguished the fire after only one day," Morton said.

Climate systems at work

Hot and dry conditions that precede fires can be tempered by rain and moisture circulating in the atmosphere. On time scales of months to years, broader climate patterns move moisture and heat around the planet.

Monitoring these systems with satellite observations allows researchers to be able to begin to develop computer models for predicting whether an upcoming fire season in a given region will be light, average or extreme. The most important of these indicators are sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that govern the El Niño Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.

"ENSO is a major driver of fire activity across multiple continents," Randerson said, who along with Morton and other researchers have studied the relationship between El Niño events and fire seasons in South America, Central America, parts of North America, Indonesia, Southeast Asia and equatorial Asia. "The precipitation both before the fire season and during the fire season can be predicted using sea surface temperatures that are measured by NASA and NOAA satellites."

An ongoing project, said Randerson, is to now extend that prediction capability globally to regions that are affected by other ocean-climate temperature changes and indicators.

The human factor

In studying the long-term trends of fires, human land management is as important to consider as any other factor. Globally, someplace on Earth is always on fire — and most of those fires are set by people, either accidentally in wildlands, or on purpose, for example, to clear land or burn agricultural fields after the harvest to remove crop residues.

But not all fires behave the same way. Their behavior depends on the fuel type and the how people are changing the landscape.

While fire activity has gotten worse in northern latitude forests, research conducted by Randerson and Morton has shown that despite climate conditions that favor fires, the number of fires in grassland and savanna ecosystems worldwide are declining, contributing to an overall decline in global burned area.

The decline is due to an increased human presence creating new cropland and roads that serve as fire breaks and motivate the local population to fight these smaller fires, said Morton.

"Humans and climate together are really the dual factors that are shaping the fires around the world. It's not one or the other," Randerson said.

Fire feedbacks

Fires impact humans and climate in return. For people, beyond the immediate loss of life and property, smoke is a serious health hazard when small soot particles enter the lungs, Long-term exposure has been linked to higher rates of respiratory and heart problems.

Smoke plumes can travel for thousands of miles affecting air quality for people far downwind of the original fire. Fires also pose a threat to local water quality, and the loss of vegetation can lead to erosion and mudslides afterwards, which have been particularly bad in California, Randerson said.

For the climate, fires can directly and indirectly increase carbon emissions to the atmosphere. While they burn, fires release carbon stored in trees or in the soil. In some places like California or Alaska, additional carbon may be released as the dead trees decompose, a process that may take decades because dead trees will stand like ghosts in the forest, decaying slowly, said Morton.

In addition to releasing carbon as they decompose, the dead trees no longer act as a carbon sink by pulling carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

In some areas like Indonesia, Randerson and his colleagues have found that the radiocarbon age of carbon emissions from peat fires is about 800 years, which is then added to the greenhouse gases in that atmosphere that drive global warming.

In Arctic and boreal forest ecosystems, fires burn organic carbon stored in the soils and hasten the melting of permafrost, which release methane, another greenhouse gas, when thawed.

Another area of active research is the mixed effect of particulates, or aerosols, in the atmosphere in regional climates due to fires, Randerson said.

Aerosols can be dark like soot, often called black carbon, absorbing heat from sunlight while in the air, and when landing and darkening snow on the ground, accelerating its melt, which affects both local temperatures — raising them since snow reflects sunlight away — and the water cycle.

But other aerosol particles can be light colored, reflecting sunlight and potentially having a cooling effect while they remain in the atmosphere. Whether dark or light, according to Randerson, aerosols from fires may also have an effect on clouds that make it harder for water droplets to form in the tropics, and thus reduce rainfall — and increase drying.

Fires of all types reshape the landscape and the atmosphere in ways that can resonate for decades. Understanding both their immediate and long-term effects requires long-term global data sets that follow fires from their detection to mapping the scale of their burned area, to tracing smoke through the atmosphere and monitoring changes to rainfall patterns.

"As climate warms, we have an increasing frequency of extreme events. It’s critical to monitor and understand extreme fires using satellite data so that we have the tools to successfully manage them in a warmer world," Randerson said.

Ellen Gray is a member of NASA's Earth Science News Team.

LAKEPORT, Calif. – The man arrested for killing an acquaintance in Lucerne with a vehicle early Tuesday has been formally charged and made his first court appearance.

Thomas Andrew Magee, 62, of Clearlake, was arrested for the killing of Joseph Symond Jackson, 40, of Lucerne, as Lake County News has reported.

Authorities said Magee ran Jackson over with his van on Highway 20 and Seventh Avenue in Lucerne at about 1:30 a.m. Tuesday before fleeing the scene. A California Highway Patrol officer took Magee into custody about 20 minutes later near Clearlake Oaks.

The sheriff’s office said that the two men, who had been acquaintances for a short time, had a dispute over property leading up to Jackson’s killing.

Magee was arraigned in Lake County Superior Court on Thursday.

Chief Deputy District Attorney Richard Hinchcliff said he has filed a criminal complaint against Magee, charging him with first-degree murder and vehicular manslaughter.

At Thursday’s arraignment, Magee’s bail – which initially was set at $1 million – was raised to $1.3 million, Hinchcliff said.

Jail records show that Magee is set to return to court on Sept. 17.

Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.

PG&E Corp. and Pacific Gas and Electric Co. have agreed in principle with entities representing approximately 85 percent of insurance subrogation claims to an $11 billion settlement to resolve all such claims arising from the 2017 Northern California wildfires and 2018 Camp Fire.

These claims are based on payments made by insurance companies to individuals and businesses with insurance coverage for wildfire damages.

The settlement is subject to definitive documentation and approval of the bankruptcy court overseeing PG&E’s Chapter 11 case.

The settlement is to be implemented pursuant to PG&E’s Chapter 11 plan of reorganization and subject to confirmation of the plan by the bankruptcy court.

“Today’s settlement is another step in doing what’s right for the communities, businesses, and individuals affected by the devastating wildfires,” Bill Johnson, CEO and president of PG&E Corp., said Friday. “As we work to resolve the remaining claims of those who’ve suffered, we are also focused on safely and reliably delivering energy to our customers, improving our systems and infrastructure, and continuing to support California’s clean energy goals. We are committed to becoming the utility our customers deserve.”

This is PG&E’s second major settlement of wildfire claims.

On June 19, PG&E and 18 local public entities that included cities, counties, districts and public agencies – among them the county of Lake and the city of Clearlake – announced that they had reached agreements to settle their claims relating to the 2015, 2017, and 2018 wildfires for a total of $1 billion to be implemented as part of the plan, as Lake County News has reported.

Proceedings regarding the third and final major group of wildfire claims are currently
pending in both Federal District Court and State Court.

PG&E said it remains committed to working with the individual plaintiffs to fairly and reasonably resolve their claims and will continue to work to do so.

In connection with Friday’s settlement, PG&E amended the previously announced equity financing commitment agreements to accommodate the total amount of subrogation claims contemplated by the settlement and reaffirmed the total $14 billion equity financing commitment target for the plan.

PG&E has received renewed commitments of $1.5 billion under the revised equity financing commitments and intends to seek remaining equity financing commitments over the next several weeks.

The company expects that the equity financing commitment will be part of a more comprehensive financing package to emerge from Chapter 11.

PG&E also expects to amend the plan to incorporate the terms of the settlement of the subrogation claims after completion of the definitive documentation for the settlement.

NORTH COAST, Calif. – California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation officials are searching for a minimum-security inmate who walked away from the California Correctional Center Chamberlain Creek Conservation Camp in Mendocino County on Friday.

Inmate Jonathan Washington, 31, was discovered missing from Chamberlain Creek Conservation Camp at 12:30 p.m. during a routine count.

Authorities said Washington was last seen at the camp at 8 a.m. Friday wearing grey sweatpants, a white t-shirt and white tennis shoes.

CDCR’s Office of Correctional Safety, Cal Fire, California Highway Patrol and local law enforcement agencies have been notified and are assisting in the search for Washington.

Washington is a black male, 6 feet 4 inches tall, weighing 217 pounds with brown eyes, black hair in dreadlocks, a goatee and mustache.

He was received by CDCR in December from Kings County to serve three years and eight months for vandalism and corporal injury on a specific person resulting in a traumatic condition. He was scheduled to parole in March 2020.

Anyone who sees inmate Washington should contact 911 or law enforcement authorities immediately.

Anyone having information about or knowledge of the location of Washington should contact the CCC watch commander at 530 257-2181, Extension 4173.

Medi-Cal has different rules governing Medi-Cal reimbursement when a Medi-Cal recipient dies.

One set of rules applies to assets owned by the deceased Medi-Cal recipient’s estate. Another set of rules apply to assets held in a self-settled first party Special Needs Trust and pooled Special Needs Trust funded by the trust beneficiary in order to maintain eligibility to receive Medi-Cal.

As of Jan. 1, 2017, Medi-Cal estate recovery only applies when estate (assets) are subject to probate and there is no surviving spouse. Otherwise there is no Medi-Cal estate recovery.

Estate recovery reimburses Medi-Cal for benefits paid to skilled nursing home or for Medi-Cal community based benefits (doctors, hospitals and prescription benefits) paid after age 55. Important exceptions limit to Medi-Cal’s rights to estate recovery.

Thus, a decedent’s home – an exempt asset for Medi-Cal eligibility purposes during the Medi-Cal beneficiary’s lifetime – can always be protected from Medi-Cal estate recovery by avoiding probate.

Probate can be avoided by transferring the residence into a revocable living trust or gifting it while alive, preferably subject to a reserved life-estate.

A small estate under one-hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($150,000) are usually settled using simplified administration procedures without a probate.

Assets owned by either a first party special needs trusts or a pooled special needs trusts, however, are subject to mandatory federal Medi-Cal “pay-back” that apply when the special needs beneficiary dies or the trust terminates.

Federal law allows a Medi-Cal (Medicaid) beneficiary to transfer assets – such as inheritances and personal injury awards – into such trusts to qualify for needs based Medi-Cal benefits if such trusts contain the “pay-back” provisions.

“Pay-back” provisions, however, are not required – and should not be used – in either a revocable living trust or in a third party special needs trust – i.e., a special needs trust established by a family member, or friend, and funded with assets belonging to someone other than the special trust beneficiary.
In Gonzalez v City Nat'l Bank (2019) 36 CA5th 734, California’s Second District Court of Appeals, recently addressed whether the mandatory Pay-Back provisions required of first party special needs trust apply to a particular type of special needs trust established with personal injury settlements or judgments for minors or disabled persons under section 3600 et. seq. of California’s Probate Code.

Two prior decisions from two other District Court of Appeals courts – i.e., Shewry v. Arnold (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 186 (Shewry) and Herting v. State Dept. of Health Care Services (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 607, 609 (Herting) – have opposite holdings to each other.

In Shewry, the court ruled that the first party special needs trust established by a court order to receive a personal injury award was not subject to the pay-back provisions because section 3605 Probate Code (regarding death of a beneficiary) provides that, "the trust property is subject to the claims of the . . . Department . . . to the extent authorized by law as if the trust property is owned by the beneficiary or is part of the beneficiary's estate."

Accordingly, the trust assets were treated as assets of the deceased beneficiary’s estate. Thus, the limitations on Medi-Cal estate applied – and not the pay-back provisions.

In Herting, the court ruled that section 3605 is subordinate to subsequently enacted federal law requiring a first party special needs to contain a mandatory “pay back” provision subjecting trust assets to Medi-Cal reimbursement for all costs paid by Medi-Cal upon the death of beneficiary or trust termination.

The recent Gonzalez Court’s decision agrees with the Herting Court’s decision that pay-back provisions in a special needs trust under section 3600 et. seq. are enforceable notwithstanding any contrary provisions in California’s Probate Code.

Until the California Supreme Court rules on the issue the outcome of whether pay-back provisions apply will depend on which county the special needs trust is administered.

Dennis A. Fordham, attorney, is a State Bar-Certified Specialist in estate planning, probate and trust law. His office is at 870 S. Main St., Lakeport, Calif. He can be reached at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. and 707-263-3235.

On Friday Gov. Gavin Newsom announced that he has granted 21 commutations.

The California Constitution gives the governor the authority to grant clemency, including in the form of a commutation.

A clemency grant recognizes a person’s efforts in self-development, rehabilitation and prospects for successful community reentry. A clemency grant does not forgive or minimize the harm caused by the crime.

People currently serving sentences in California prisons may apply for a commutation.

The governor regards this responsibility as an important part of the criminal justice system that can incentivize accountability and rehabilitation, increase the safety of the people working and serving sentences in our jails and prisons, increase public safety by removing counterproductive barriers to successful reentry and correct unjust results in the legal system.

All of the commutation grants made today will allow the inmates to go before the Board of Parole Hearings for a hearing at which the parole commissioners assess whether the inmate is suitable for release from prison.

The governor weighs numerous factors in his review of clemency applications, including an applicant’s self-development and conduct since the offense, whether the grant is consistent with public safety and in the interests of justice and the impact of a grant on the community.

Copies of the gubernatorial clemency certificates granted today can be seen below.

Additional information on executive clemency can be found here.

September 2019 Clemency by LakeCoNews on Scribd

Its size and surface gravity are much larger than Earth’s, and its radiation environment may be hostile, but a distant planet called K2-18b has captured the interest of scientists all over the world.

For the first time, researchers have detected water vapor signatures in the atmosphere of a planet beyond our solar system that resides in the "habitable zone," the region around a star in which liquid water could potentially pool on the surface of a rocky planet.

Astronomers at the Center for Space Exochemistry Data at the University College London in the United Kingdom used data from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope to find water vapor in the atmosphere of K2-18b, an exoplanet around a small red dwarf star about 110 light-years away in the constellation Leo.

If confirmed by further studies, this will be the only exoplanet known to have both water in its atmosphere and temperatures that could sustain liquid water on a rocky surface.

Liquid water would only be possible if the planet turns out to be terrestrial in nature, rather than resembling a small version of Neptune.

Given the high level of activity of its red dwarf star, K2-18b may be more hostile to life as we know it than Earth, as it is likely to be exposed to more high-energy radiation.

The planet, discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope in 2015, also has a mass eight times greater than Earth's. That means the surface gravity on this planet would be significantly higher than on our planet.

The team used archive data from 2016 and 2017 captured by Hubble and developed open-source algorithms to analyze the host star’s light filtered through K2-18b’s atmosphere. The results revealed the molecular signature of water vapor, and also suggest the presence of hydrogen and helium in the planet’s atmosphere.

The authors of the paper, published in Nature Astronomy, believe that other molecules, including nitrogen and methane, may be present but they remain undetectable with current observations.

Further studies are required to estimate cloud coverage and the percentage of atmospheric water present.

A paper from a different team of scientists using Hubble observations has been submitted to the Astronomical Journal.

K2-18b is one of hundreds of "super-Earths" — exoplanets with masses between those of Earth and Neptune — found by Kepler. NASA’s TESS mission is expected to detect hundreds more super-Earths in the coming years. The next generation of space telescopes, including the James Webb Space Telescope, will be able to characterize exoplanet atmospheres in more detail.

The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA (the European Space Agency) and NASA.

LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – A man who formerly served as a volunteer assistant coach for Lower Lake High School’s award-winning competitive cheer squad has been arrested on charges of annoying or molesting a child and metal knuckles possession.

Joshua Scott Wade, 44, of Clearlake was arrested Wednesday morning on a bench warrant and booked into the Lake County Jail on $15,000 bail.

He has since posted bail and is scheduled to appear in Lake County Superior Court on Nov. 13 for arraignment, according to Senior Deputy District Attorney Ed Borg, who is handling the case.

Borg said Wade is charged with possession of metal knuckles, a felony, and annoying or molesting a child, a misdemeanor.

He said the two charges are not connected – and there is no allegation that the metal knuckles were used to threaten the victim, who didn’t know Wade had them – although the discovery of the knuckles, an illegal weapon, occurred in the context of the annoying or molesting a child investigation.

The investigation began in early August and centers around one alleged female victim under age 18, Borg said.

Borg would not discuss if the alleged victim was known to Wade through cheerleading.

The time frame for the annoying/molesting charge is from June 1 to Aug. 2, while the charge for the metal knuckles dates from Aug. 2, Borg said.

Separately, Lower Lake High School Principal Cecil Edwards told Lake County News that Wade was not a volunteer assistant coach with this year’s cheer squad.

Borg said the investigation was submitted to the District Attorney’s Office for charging on Aug. 22, with the criminal complaint filed the next day.

A warrant was issued for Wade’s arrest – which Borg said is typical in felonies – and that led to Wade’s arrest by the Lake County Sheriff’s Office this week.

Due to the sensitive nature of the case, the specifics of what led to the annoying or molesting charge so far haven’t been made public.

Annoying or molesting a child under age 18, Penal Code 647.6(a)(1), can involve physical contact but Borg said that is not a necessary element.

If convicted, between the two charges Wade could face a maximum sentence of four years – three years for the metal knuckles and one for the annoying or molesting charge, Borg said. An annoying/molesting conviction also would require sexual offender registration.

Borg said Wade has no prior criminal history so he likely would receive probation, not prison time, if convicted of the charges. In that situation, Borg said the District Attorney’s Office would want supervised probation.

For several years Wade has been a part of Lower Lake High cheer activities. He’s been popular with students and parents alike, and lauded for his work with the team as it made its way to the top of the podium at the national championships.

In February, the Clearlake City Council honored Wade and the Lower Lake High School cheer team with a proclamation for having received its second JAMZ Nationals title.

Edwards, who is new to the school this year, told Lake County News on Friday that for about three years Wade served as a volunteer assistant coach for the cheer team. In that capacity, he was not a paid district employee.

“Josh is not part of that team this year,” said Edwards.

At the end of last year, the head coach resigned. Then, this summer, the school hired a new head coach who brought on her own group of assistant coaches, Edwards explained.

Since then, Edwards said Wade has not volunteered to work with the school’s cheer team.

Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.